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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Byte array), which does not persist between transactions.Contracts, however, do contain a Merkle Patricia storage trie (as a word-addressable word array), associated with the account in question and part of the global state.Compiled smart contract bytecode executes as a number of EVM opcodes, which perform standard stack operations like XOR, AND, ADD, SUB, etc. The EVM also implements a number of blockchain-specific stack operations, such as ADDRESS, BALANCE, BLOCKHASH, etc.Diagrams adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated(opens in a new tab)EVM implementationsAll implementations of the EVM must adhere to the specification described in the Ethereum Yellowpaper.Over Ethereum's nine year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.Ethereum execution clients include an EVM implementation. Additionally, there are multiple standalone implementations, including:Py-EVM(opens in a new tab) - Pythonevmone(opens in a new tab) - C++ethereumjs-vm(opens in a new tab) - JavaScriptrevm(opens in a new tab) - RustFurther ReadingEthereum Yellowpaper(opens in a new tab)Jellopaper aka KEVM: Semantics of EVM in K(opens in a new tab)The Beigepaper(opens in a new tab)Ethereum Virtual Machine Opcodes(opens in a new tab)Ethereum Virtual Machine Opcodes Interactive Reference(opens in a new tab)A short introduction in Solidity's documentation(opens in a new tab)Mastering Ethereum - The Ethereum Virtual Machine(opens in a new tab)GasWas this article helpful?
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