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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Particularly with new equipment capable of recovering fine-grained gold, such as centrifugal concentrators, which significantly increase the intensity of particle separation (Burt Citation1988; Chatterjee Citation1998; Esdaile and Chalker Citation2018; Veiga and Gunson Citation2020; Verkhoturov Citation2006). The level of gold recovery depends not so much on its overall content as on the presence of fine grains in the ore (Izerdem and Ergun Citation2022). Gold grains with a particle size of less than 50 µm are not captured by jigging. They are recovered at 13–24% on spiral separators and 44% on shaking tables. Hydrocyclones and centrifugal concentrators such as Knelson and Falcon (Das and Sarkar Citation2018; Laplante and Gray Citation2005; Veiga and Gunson Citation2020; Verkhoturov Citation2006) are used to further recover fine grains from the primary separation tailings. The approximate working particle size range for some gravity concentration equipment is presented in .Figure 1. Effective working particle size range of various equipment for gravity concentration (Chatterjee Citation1998; Das and Sarkar Citation2018).“Centrifugal concentrators” provides a more detailed examination of modern centrifugal equipment.Centrifugal concentratorsGravity concentration using centrifugal concentrators became increasingly popular after the invention of the Knelson concentrator in the 1980s (Ghaffari and Farzanegan Citation2017; Kökkılıç, Langlois, and Waters Citation2015). In centrifugal concentrators, sedimentation occurs in the radial direction due to the action of centrifugal force (G). To significantly improve the kinetics of sedimentation, relatively high centrifugal forces are typically applied. Therefore, most of them operate at high centrifugal loads to concentrate fine-grained gold. The centrifugal force for the Multi-gravity separator (MGS) is the lowest (about 25 G), while it ranges from 300 to 600 G for the Falcon concentrator (Aslan Citation2007; Das and Sarkar Citation2018; Farajzadeh and Chehreh Chelgani Citation2022; Majumder and Barnwal Citation2006; Nayak, Jena, and Mandre Citation2021).This equipment, designed to concentrate fine-grained gold, can be used (Das and Sarkar Citation2018; Majumder and Barnwal Citation2006; Verkhoturov Citation2006):in the primary grinding circuit;in the processing of the tailings of shaking tables;for the preliminary concentration of gold contained in the leach circuit feed;for processing flotation concentrates.A brief description of the distinctive features of the most widely used centrifugal gravity concentrators is provided in .Table 2. Key features of widely used centrifugal gravity concentrators.KnelsonKnelson concentrators are the most widely used semi-continuous centrifugal gravity concentrators for the recovery of gold and platinum group minerals from grinding circuit streams (FLSmidth Citation2023). The advantages of gravity recovery are well-known and widely accepted in the industry (Katwika et al. Citation2019). The presence of reasonable amounts of gold recoverable by gravity encourages gold plants to install gravity circuits. Therefore, the wider application of gravity concentration required a better understanding of gold behavior in grinding circuits and factors influencing the performance of a gravity concentrator (Chen, Yang, Tong, Liu, et al. Citation2020,
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